An Integrated Quality Assurance, Quality Control, and Geotechnical Compliance Framework for Large-Scale Urban Infrastructure Projects

Large scale urban infrastructure projects such as metro systems, tunnels, highways, and bridges require strict quality management during construction. These projects often involve complex subsurface conditions, dense urban surroundings, and multiple construction activities occurring simultaneously. Quality assurance (QA), quality control (QC), and geotechnical monitoring therefore remain central components of construction supervision. Conventional monitoring practices rely on inspection reports, laboratory testing records, and field instrumentation systems that often operate within separate information platforms. This separation restricts coordinated evaluation of construction quality and ground behavior during project execution. This study presents a Digital Twin enabled Geo-BIM framework for integrated QA, QC, and geotechnical compliance monitoring in urban infrastructure construction. The proposed framework links geotechnical investigation data, monitoring sensors, QA inspection documentation, and QC testing results within a unified digital environment. A Geotechnical Compliance Index (GCI) model is introduced to evaluate construction conditions and identify zones requiring inspection attention. The framework was examined through a simulation scenario representing common urban infrastructure construction activities. Results indicate that the integrated system supports continuous monitoring, automated compliance evaluation, and inspection prioritization based on geotechnical performance. The proposed framework provides a structured digital approach for managing construction quality and subsurface monitoring in complex infrastructure projects.