Rethinking scientific diaspora engagement models in fragile contexts: the Venezuelan case.

The Venezuelan case demonstrates the limitations of traditional diaspora engagement models, which typically assume stable national science, technology, and innovation systems as well as functional state-diaspora relations. Since these models do not adequately address diaspora engagement in fragile contexts, this article argues that different approaches are necessary. The analysis indicates that the existing literature lacks both an awareness of fragility and a model of diaspora engagement tailored to cases such as Venezuela. Drawing on research on scientific diasporas, science diplomacy, knowledge circulation, and science policy, this study analyzes how engagement is conceptualized, enacted, and constrained. The argument is substantiated by qualitative evidence from focus groups with members of the Venezuelan scientific diaspora, who described the extended institutional crises and periods of dispersion that Venezuela faces. The study identifies key challenges, experiences, and expectations, emphasizing the role of diasporas as non-state actors who could connect national and international scientific agendas and influence development. The article concludes by recommending a flexible, context-sensitive approach to scientific diaspora engagement and provides policy recommendations.