Chemical-enhanced thyroid cell detection using photonic crystal biosensors with phase-change materials

and a quality factor of 87.875, enabling clear differentiation between malignant and benign cases. The key novelty is comparing THz spectra of liquid and lyophilized plasma, where lyophilization enhances contrast and malignant-benign separation by reducing water masking effects. The results were compared with previous photonic crystal biosensors, showing that the GST-based design offers superior tunability and diagnostic accuracy due to its unique phase-change properties.