Terahertz photonic crystal fibre architecture for ultra-sensitive detection of brain tumour cells

Early diagnosis of brain tumour cells is critical for improving survival and reducing neurological damage. Implementing effective diagnostic strategies at the initial stages of tumour development can substantially adjust patient outcomes and preserve livability. This study introduces a novel bio-photonic sensing platform designed to detect the earliest manifestations of brain tumour cells using a photonic crystal fibre (PCF) architecture operating within the terahertz (THz) spectrum. The proposed device demonstrates exceptional diagnostic capability owing to its high sensitivity and negligible transmission losses, making it a pledging instrument for clinical tumour identification. The unique structural design of the PCF, combined with the advantages of the THz frequency band, facilitates precise differentiation between healthy brain tissues and tumour-affected regions based on distinct electromagnetic characteristics. By exploiting distinct electromagnetic signatures of healthy and malignant tissues, the device enables precise classification with minimal transmission loss. The sensor achieves relative sensitivity are 96.25% for the normal cells refractive index (RI = 1.38), 96.98% for the multiple sclerosis (RI = 1.4121) and 95.80% for the oligodendrogliomas (RI = 1.3531) and low confinement losses are normal cell of 6.01 × 10 -8 dB/m, multiple sclerosis of 5.99 × 10 -8 dB/m, and the oligodendrogliomas phase of 5.80 × 10 -8 dB/m, individually at observing area of 2.2 THz. Combining high sensitivity with low fabrication cost, this work establishes a scalable platform for next-generation bio-medical diagnostics and early cancer detection.