Lateral flow immunoassays: challenges and innovations.

Lateral flow immunoassays serve as rapid, portable and cost-effective diagnostic tools. These assays are primarily used for qualitative, semiquantitative and less frequently quantitative detection of analytes in low-resource settings or locations lacking laboratory infrastructure. Their rapid turnaround time significantly enhances patient care and outcome by helping healthcare professionals make faster decisions and initiate treatment at an early stage. Even though they have clear advantage over standard laboratory tests, their widespread adoption is still limited. Some of the main issues include insufficient sensitivity, poor reproducibility, challenges in multiplexing and the need for more accurate quantification. There are other inherent factors such as "hook effect", which cause false-negative results when analyte concentration is very high. Recent advances involving nanomaterials and sophisticated detection systems, such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, are actively addressing these hurdles. The future of lateral flow immunoassays is likely to involve the development of integrated "closed-box" system which provide accurate quantitative results through multidisciplinary approaches to meet the growing demand for highly reliable, practical and high-performance diagnostic tools.