Optimized Asymmetrical Fuzzy‐2DOFTIDF Controller for LFC of Three‐Area Multi‐Sources Interconnected Power System Along With HAE‐FC and UPFC Using a New SOA Algorithm

ABSTRACT The increasing complexity and scale of modern power systems, combined with fluctuations in demand, modeling uncertainties, evolving network configurations, and time‐varying characteristics, make load frequency control (LFC) increasingly challenging. Large frequency deviations can disrupt electric clock synchronization, alter AC motor speeds, affect magnetizing currents in transformers and induction motors, and impair the coordinated operation of systems. Conventional control methods often fail to effectively manage these uncertainties. This study evaluates LFC performance in a multi‐area, multi‐source interconnected power system using a novel Asymmetrical‐Fuzzy‐based Two‐Degree‐of‐freedom Tilt‐Integral‐Derivative Controller with Low‐Pass‐Filter (AF‐2DOF‐TIDF) as a secondary control mechanism. The system comprises three unequal areas that integrate hybrid‐thermal and hydropower plants, representing real‐world asymmetries in capacity, inertia, and interconnections. The dynamic influence of Hydrogen‐Aqua‐Electrolyzer‐Fuel‐Cell (HAE‐FC) units is analyzed relative to conventional setups. Controller parameters for TIDF, 2DOF‐TIDF, and AF‐2DOF‐TIDF are optimized using the Skill Optimization Algorithm (SOA). Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed controller significantly enhances dynamic response, reducing overshoot, damping oscillations, and shortening settling times. The integration of a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) further enhances frequency and power stability. Sensitivity analyses confirm the robustness of the proposed controller under varying loads and parameter uncertainties, with an average reduction of 68.4% in oscillation amplitude achieved.