Vivek Kumar, Yogesh V. Hote
The growing integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into present interconnected power systems (ICPSs) threatens system stability. Unreliable RESs output load demand might result in unfavourable frequency stabilisation and control of tie-line power, which may lead to power system failures. Load frequency control (LFC) is recognised for its effectiveness in addressing these challenges. An appropriate LFC control improves its efficacy. Therefore, this paper offers resilient fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative double-derivative and triple-derivative (FOPIDD2D3) controller structure to address these issues. Additional double and triple derivatives improve accuracy and response time. Because the controller's performance is sensitive to parameter settings, big-bang-big-crunch (BBBC) optimisation is used to adjust the controller parameters. Moreover, Kharitonov's stability method is used to derive the worst-case model framework from which the proposed controller settings are determined. Additionally, stability analysis in frequency domain using Matignon's theorem and robustness analysis employing fragility methodology are conducted for the proposed controller amid parametric uncertainties. The adaptability of the proposed approach is evaluated on multiple ICPSs models, including RESs and nonlinearities. The proposed strategy's superiority is demonstrated through comparative analysis against PID, FOPID, IMC, and recent controller designs employing different optimisation methods. Furthermore, the proposed technique is validated through OPAL-RT setup, claiming the controller's effectiveness.