Massoud Amin
This chapter compares the robustness of interconnected systems to learn from past occurrences. These examples demonstrate that a minor issue can escalate into significant problems, such as a power outage or cyberattack. Interconnectedness enhances vulnerability. A single weakness within one part of the system can lead to system-wide failure. As our systems become more complex and interconnected, they are no longer at risk only from physical failures; instead, they are also vulnerable to cyberattacks. Traditional threats, such as ransomware and cyberattacks targeting crucial infrastructure, also exist. Fragile systems are characterized by fragility and need visionary and proactive leadership. Leadership also means integrating sectors and departments. This was evident during the Colonial Pipeline attack, when private firms, federal agencies, and cybersecurity specialists did all they could to restore operations to the pipeline.