Artificial Intelligence in Space Weather Prediction: Advances, Benchmarks, and Future Directions

Artificial Intelligence in Space Weather Prediction: Advances, Benchmarks, and Future Directions Rajesh Kumar Mishra1*, Divyansh Mishra2, Rekha Agarwal3 Abstract Space weather prediction remains a grand challenge due to the nonlinear, multiscale coupling between solar activity, the heliosphere, and Earth’s magnetosphere–ionosphere–thermosphere system. Over the past decade, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have emerged as […]