He Wen, Mohamad Sofian Abu Talip, Mohamadariff Othman, S. M. Kayser Azam, Mahazani Mohamad, Mohd Faisal Ibrahim, Hamzah Arof, Ahmad Ababneh
This paper comprehensively reviews advanced signal processing methods for partial discharge (PD) analysis, covering traditional time-frequency techniques, wavelet transform, Hilbert-Huang transform, and artificial intelligence-based methods. This paper critically examines the principles, advantages, limitations, and applicable scenarios of each method. A key contribution of this review is the systematic comparison of these methods, highlighting their evolution and complementary roles in processing non-stationary and noisy PD signals. However, a significant gap in current research remains the lack of standardized, explainable, and embeddable AI solutions for real-time, fine-grained PD classification. Future trends point to hybrid approaches and edge AI systems that combine physical insights with lightweight deep learning models to improve diagnostic accuracy and deployability.