Microwave Sensors for Dielectric Characterization: Planar Architectures, Extraction Methods, and Emerging Applications.

Microwave dielectric characterization is essential for material evaluation, process monitoring, biomedical sensing, and nondestructive testing. This review critically evaluates planar microwave sensors for dielectric characterization, with the core scope restricted to printed microstrip and coplanar-waveguide structures, SRR/CSRR and DGS configurations, substrate-integrated waveguides, interferometric sensors, and microfluidic platforms. Adjacent non-planar or system-level techniques are included only when they provide transferable lessons in calibration, inversion, or deployment. Unlike earlier surveys that primarily catalog devices or extraction methods, the literature is organized here through a design-decision hierarchy linking architecture, operating principle, readout mechanism, sample interface, and application. Representative approaches are compared not only by frequency, sensitivity, Q-factor, and sample volume, but also by calibration burden, fabrication tolerance, environmental robustness, cost, and scalability. Particular attention is given to uncertainty sources in practical measurement chains, FR-4 and PCB manufacturing variability, long-term drift and sensor aging, and the application-specific limitations of machine-learning-assisted inversion. The resulting synthesis provides design-oriented guidance for selecting and translating planar microwave sensors into reliable industrial, biomedical, and microwave-processing measurement systems.