Hybrid Supercapacitor–Battery System for PV Modules Under Partial Shading: Modeling, Simulation, and Implementation

This paper describes the modeling, simulation, and experimental validation of a Hybrid supercapacitor–battery Energy Storage System (HESS) for photovoltaic (PV) modules under partial shading. The system is intended to provide an uninterruptible power supply for a DC primary load. The Hybrid Power System (HPS) architecture includes a DC/DC boost converter with a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm that optimizes photovoltaic (PV) energy extraction. Furthermore, two bidirectional DC–DC converters are dedicated to the battery and supercapacitor subsystems to allow the bidirectional power flow within the HPS. The proposed HESS is evaluated through MATLAB/Simulink simulations and experimentally validated on a prototype using real-time hardware based on the dSPACE DS1104. To optimize power flow within the HPS, two energy management strategies are implemented: the Thermostat-Based Method (TBM) and the Filter-Based Method (FBM). The results indicate that the thermostat-based strategy provides better battery protection under shading conditions. Indeed, with this approach, the battery can remain in standby for 300 s under total permanent shading (100%), and for up to 30 min under dynamic partial shading, thereby reducing battery stress and extending its lifetime.