Animal Protein Sources in Europe: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives—A Review

The pursuit of sustainable animal protein sources is critical in light of the environmental, social, and economic challenges associated with conventional livestock production. Although meat, including organic production, remains a valuable source of high-quality protein, diversification is essential to sustainably meet future demand. This review summarizes current knowledge on alternative animal protein sources, with a particular focus on insects and cultured meat in Europe. Insects demonstrate high feed conversion efficiency, require minimal land and water resources, and provide essential amino acids, lipids, and micronutrients, while contributing to circular economy models. Cultured meat presents potential advantages for environmental sustainability and animal welfare; however, its large-scale application depends on technological advances, cost reduction, and supportive regulation. Consumer acceptance remains a challenge influenced by cultural heritage, food neophobia, and product presentation. Policy frameworks, including the European Green Deal and the Farm to Fork Strategy, seek to foster innovation and sustainable food systems. Future perspectives emphasize that conventional and organic meat, insect-based protein, and cultured meat should be regarded as complementary solutions for a balanced and resilient protein supply in Europe.