Overcoming feed scarcity: how insects can transform sustainable animal nutrition

The growing global demand for animal protein poses major challenges for livestock and aquaculture industries, compounded by rising costs of conventional feeds such as fishmeal and soybean meal. Moreover, traditional protein sources are becoming unsustainable due to resource limitations, high energy requirements, and climate dependence. To address these challenges, several insect species such as black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.), mealworms (Tenebrio molitor L. and Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer), housefly larvae (Musca domestica L.), silkworm (Bombyx mori L.), locusts (Schistocerca gregaria Forsskål and Locusta migratoria L.), and crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus De Geer and Acheta domesticus L.) serve as cost-effective feed alternatives at various growth stages. They provide moderate to high protein levels, a balanced amino acid profile, beneficial lipids, and essential minerals, while requiring minimal land and water inputs. Insects grow on organic waste, unlike conventional feeds that require agricultural resources. They efficiently convert organic waste into high-value biomass, supporting circular agriculture. Despite regulatory hurdles, improved rearing methods increase adoption. Research shows that insect-based feeds enhance growth performance and nutrient efficiency across livestock and aquaculture production systems. This article examines the nutritional, economic, and environmental benefits of some insect feeds while addressing key barriers to their sustainable integration into global food systems.