Carbon emission and food security nexus in the ASEAN region: exploring digitalization, good governance and energy transition dynamics

Introduction This study investigates the determinants of food security in the ASEAN region, focusing on the roles of supply chain digitalization, cleaner energy transition, government effectiveness, and carbon emissions from 2000 to 2023 across 10 ASEAN countries. The motivation for this research stems from ongoing challenges in achieving resilient and sustainable food systems, alongside regional ambitions to advance the Sustainable Development Goals. Methods Using a comprehensive panel dataset, the analysis employs advanced econometric techniques including Augmented Mean Group (AMG), Dynamic Common Correlated Effects (DCCE) estimators, and CS-ARDL robustness checks to account for cross-sectional dependence, heterogeneity, and dynamic effects. Results The results indicate that supply chain digitalization, a cleaner energy transition, and government effectiveness have significant positive impacts on food security, while carbon emissions are associated with negative effects. Information and communication technology (ICT) and GDP, used as control variables, also demonstrate strong positive contributions to food security. Discussion The study concludes that enhancing digital infrastructure, promoting the adoption of renewable energy sources, and implementing institutional reforms are crucial for strengthening food security. Policy recommendations emphasize the need for integrated approaches that harness technological innovation, sustainable energy, and effective governance to construct resilient, inclusive, and future-ready food systems in the region.