Measuring the impact of a sports-based STEM workshop using a developed questionnaire

Introduction The Science in Sports workshop was implemented to examine the impact of integrating sports-based activities with STEM concepts on high school students' engagement and learning. To evaluate these learning outcomes, this study presents a newly developed questionnaire designed for sports-integrated STEM interventions. Methods A total of 150 students from five schools participated in two workshop implementations ( n = 98 in the first workshop set and n = 52 in the second workshop set). The questionnaire was developed and examined through a two-stage process. In the first phase, the instrument was refined through expert review using the Delphi method and examined using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) based on data collected during the first workshop implementation. In the second phase, the refined instrument was applied during the second workshop implementation to collect pre- and post-workshop data. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, while Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Tests and correlation analyses were conducted to evaluate learning outcomes and relationships among the measured constructs. Results The EFA supported a clear and interpretable factor structure, while Cronbach's alpha coefficients demonstrated acceptable to excellent internal consistency across all dimensions. Results from the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test indicated statistically significant differences between pre- and post-workshop scores across the measured dimensions ( p < .05). Correlation analysis revealed moderate to strong positive relationships among the measured constructs. In addition, exit ticket analysis indicated high levels of student satisfaction, with 66.3% of participants selecting “Strongly Agree” on key items. Discussion The findings provide initial evidence supporting the use of the instrument for evaluating sports-integrated STEM interventions and comparable real-world learning programs. This study contributes a context-sensitive questionnaire for assessing STEM learning outcomes within sports-integrated secondary education contexts.