Annona glabra L., a key swamp tree: ecological, functional, and ethnobotanical aspects for conservation and restoration

Freshwater wetlands are among the most threatened ecosystems in the world, with more than 60 % loss in Mexico. Annona glabra L. dominates many neotropical freshwater swamps but remains poorly studied despite its ecological importance. The aim of this work was to conduct a comprehensive review of the biological, ecological, and ethnobotanical aspects of A. glabra and to assess its role as a key wetland species and its potential for medicinal applications, ecological restoration, and climate change adaptation. The research was carried out in La Mancha-Diada and El Salado, Veracruz, Mexico, with comparative data from La Mancha-CICOLMA. We combined a bibliographic review with field measurements (2018-2019) of tree density, diameter at breast height, height, and monthly litter collection. In addition to environmental parameters: hydrology and salinity. The results demonstrated that A. glabra exhibits flood tolerance and moderate salinity resistance through morphological adaptations (aerenchyma, adventitious roots, hypertrophied lenticels), maintaining photosynthesis during flooding. Tree density reached 833 individuals/ha, with a basal area of 188.94 m²/ha. Annual litterfall averaged 12.4 t/ha, and seed production reached 3.7 million seeds/ha/year. Ethnopharmacological analyses revealed antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and larvicidal properties. Functioning as a “freshwater mangrove,” A. glabra is crucial for ecosystem services. It shows high potential for ecological restoration but requires management due to its invasive capacity. Sea level rise and salinization represent a significant threat, underscoring the need for urgent conservation strategies.