Diversity, distribution and priority conservation areas for Annonaceae in Mexico

Annonaceae is a pantropical plant family that is an important component in Neotropical forests, yet its diversity, distribution and conservation status in Mexico has not been comprehensively synthesized. This study provides an updated taxonomic, biogeographic and conservation assessment of Mexican Annonaceae. We aim to consolidate current knowledge to contribute to vegetation surveys, research and the development of conservation strategies. To achieve this, we compiled and validated species records through an exhaustive review of taxonomic literature, herbarium specimens, and curated occurrence data. Geographic distributions were assessed and mapped and spatial patterns were analyzed. Species richness, weighted endemism and corrected weighted endemism were calculated, and preliminary conservation status was evaluated using IUCN Red List criteria. We document 11 genera and 75 species of Mexican Annonaceae, including 44 endemic species, five of which are currently undescribed. Species richness and endemism are concentrated in humid tropical regions, particularly in southern Mexico. Our assessments indicate that 35 species could be considered Endangered and 31 Critically Endangered, especially due to their restricted geographic ranges, indicating elevated risk of extinction. This synthesis highlights Mexico as an important center of Annonaceae diversity and endemism and emphasizes the need for targeted taxonomic research and conservation assessments to prevent further biodiversity loss.