Sara Kerstin Kohler, Ada-Katrin Busch, André Fringer, Marc Roger Schlaeppi, Monika Layer
The definition developed provides a basis for further research, integration into nursing practice, and for training and quality assurance measures.
INTRODUCTION: External applications historically are a part of healthcare and nursing. They encompass therapeutic interventions based on naturopathy that act on the skin and nervous system through direct or indirect touch.
PROBLEM STATEMENT: Despite having been in use for many years, there is still no standard definition.
METHODS: To address this gap, a definition was developed as part of an integrative literature review and agreed upon using the Policy Delphi method.
RESULTS: The resulting definition comprises three key sections: 1) the characteristics of external applications, 2) their mechanisms of action, and 3) the various types of application. The findings show that external applications are complex interventions that influence physiological, psychological and social aspects of human beings and can be used in a targeted manner in professional nursing and healthcare settings.
CONCLUSION: The definition developed provides a basis for further research, integration into nursing practice, and for training and quality assurance measures.