Recent Overview on Electrochemical Analysis of Toxic Organic Dyes Using Advanced High-Entropy Alloys and Carbon-Based Composite Materials

Toxic organic dyes pose a significant ecological risk when released into the environment. Monitoring the concentration of these dyes in wastewater is crucial for preventing pollution and protecting the environment. One of the best electrochemical methods for identifying organic dyes is cyclic voltammetry (CV). Metal oxides, metal nanoparticles, nanocarbon materials, surfactants, and polymer-modified carbon paste electrodes (MCPE) have been reported to detect various organic dyes; nevertheless, their capacity to do so is limited by the specific redox potentials. Nowadays, various alloys are extensively used to determine different organic dyes, and among them, high entropy alloys (HEAs) stand out as the best modifiers. This is because HEAs are composed of at least five different elements, each of which has a unique redox potential; they have large and distinctive redox potentials. Thus, the use of HEA modified carbon paste electrodes (HEA-MCPE) is more advantageous than other MCPEs. The porosity and the surface area of the HEAs are further improved by the mechanical alloying process. The prepared electrode has shown significant electrocatalytic properties, and therefore, in the present article, we have discussed the benefits, challenges, and applications of HEA-MCPEs for the electrochemical detection of organic dyes.