Magnetized MoS ₂ –GO/water hybrid nanofluid flow with velocity and thermal slip effects on a variable porous surface subject to natural convection

This research explores the impact of natural convection on magnetized MoS 2 –GO/H 2 O hybrid nanofluid flow on a variable porous stretching sheet, considering velocity and thermal slip effects. The fluid rotates around z-axis with magnetic effects in the normal direction to the fluid’s motion. The thermal features are controlled through the use of thermal radiation and dissipative effects in the energy equation. The governing equations have been solved through the use of the homotopy analysis method (HAM) in dimensionless form. It has been highlighted in this work that an increase in the concentration of GO nanoparticles from 0.00 to 0.04 results in a 13.46% rise in Nusselt number. In contrast, the same rise in volumetric fraction for GO–MoS 2 nanoparticles yields a higher enhancement of 17.62% in Nusselt number. It has been discovered in this work that GO–MoS 2 hybrid nanoparticles are more effective than pure GO nanoparticles in boosting the thermal flow rate, making them a more suitable choice for applications requiring enhanced heat transfer performance. To validate the solution method applied in this study, its results have matched with previously established findings and showed strong agreement across all comparisons. The outcomes of this work can be applied in manufacturing processes involving porous media, like polymer extrusion, metal forming and biomedical devices where precise thermal control is required.