Numerical investigation of marangoni-driven hybrid nanofluid flow through a porous medium with variable viscosity and heat generation/absorption

This work presents a detailed numerical investigation of the flow of hybrid nanofluid boundary layers over a stretching surface, incorporating Marangoni convection, variable viscosity, a porous medium, a magnetic field, heat production, and absorption, as well as double-diffusive phenomena (Soret and Dufour effects). The hybrid nanofluid pairs C u − A l 2 O 3 / H 2 O , A g / A l 2 O 3 / H 2 O and C u − A g / H 2 O are investigated with the MATLAB BVP4C solver. Using similarity transforms, the controlling partial differential equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations. The Lorentz force ( 0.1 ≤ M n ≤ 0.4 ) is shown to dampen the motion of the fluid while increasing the heat transpose rate. Increased porosity ( 0.2 ≤ K 1 ≤ 0.5 ) improves thermal dissipation but reduces velocity. The Eckert number ( 0.5 ≤ λ 2 ≤ 1.5 ) raises the temperature profile. Increasing the Schmidt number ( 0.01 ≤ S c ≤ 0.1 ) reduces mass diffusion, while the Soret effect ( 0.1 ≤ S r ≤ 1.5 ) promotes solutal transport. The novelty of this study lies in the simultaneous consideration of Marangoni convection, variable viscosity, magnetic field, heat generation/absorption, and double-diffusive (Soret and Dufour) effects in hybrid nanofluids within a porous medium, an integration not previously addressed collectively in the literature. This integrated model offers novel physical insights into coupled thermos fluid behaviour and worthwhile implications for next-generation thermal management applications in energy, biomedical, and industrial systems.