Respiratory Adverse Effects of IBD Treatments: Mechanisms, Manifestations, and Management Strategies.

BACKGROUND: Increasing use of immunomodulators and biologics in IBD has expanded the spectrum of pulmonary complications. OBJECTIVE: To summarize mechanisms, clinical features, and management of druginduced pulmonary toxicity in IBD. METHODS: Narrative review of relevant studies from major databases. RESULTS: Each drug class exhibits a characteristic pulmonary toxicity profile, requiring distinct diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians must maintain high suspicion for pulmonary toxicity to ensure timely intervention and improved patient outcomes.