Mechanisms of insect resistance to RNA-based biopesticides and management strategies.

Growing global concern about the environmental risks posed by chemical insecticides has positioned RNA interference (RNAi)-based biopesticides at the forefront of research in green agricultural pest management, due to their precise target specificity and environmental safety. With ongoing technological advances and expanding use, the emergence of insect resistance to this technology has become a major constraint on their sustainable application. This paper provides a systematic review of delivery strategies and current applications of RNA-based biopesticides in pest control, and examines the mechanisms underlying insect resistance, including species-specific sensitivity variations, disrupted dsRNA uptake, and resistance influenced by viruses or symbionts. To address the risk of resistance development, the study outlines integrated management strategies such as pesticide rotation and mixtures, optimized dosage delivery, refuge implementation, and innovative delivery technologies. Looking ahead, continued technological innovation, strengthened integrated pest management frameworks, and the creation of a global resistance monitoring network will be essential to support the sustainable use of this technology, thereby advancing the green transformation of agriculture and ensuring global food security.