Chunyu Fan, Zekai Li, Zhiping Xu, Yangyang Yang, Xuhong Qian
RNA interference (RNAi)-based molecular biopesticides represent a transformative approach to sustainable crop protection. By harnessing a natural gene silencing mechanism, these next-generation pesticides offer unparalleled species specificity, potentially overcoming the limitations of broad-spectrum chemicals. This review systematically outlines the research and development framework for RNA biopesticides. We explore the core processes of target gene discovery, RNA design with the use of computational tools, and scalable production methods. A significant focus is placed on delivery strategies, including nanocarriers and carrier-free systems. Furthermore, we critically discuss the biosafety considerations and ecological impacts of deploying RNAi agents in the environment. This review synthesizes how RNA biopesticides, inspired by nature and refined by scientific precision, can be integrated into agricultural ecosystems for harmonious and effective crop protection.