Partial ventilation of an oscillating bubble induced by Rayleigh-Taylor instability near a water surface

As a bubble oscillates close to a water surface, a new phenomenon of partial ventilation which the bubble's exposure to the surrounding air is observed induced by the Rayleigh-Taylor instability penetrating the bubble wall. Depending on the exposure, three distinct types of bubble behaviors with decreasing dimensionless stand-off distance are summarized: (i) nonventilation; (ii) partial ventilation; and (iii) complete ventilation. The boundaries for ventilation time and stand-off distance are obtained by solving the analytical model comprising a small-amplitude model and a bubble-oscillation model, which agrees well with the experimental observations and numerical results.