River contracts as method for nature-based solutions implementation: performative planning practices in Turin metropolitan area

This paper explores the transformative potential of river contracts (RCs) to enhance nature-based solutions (NBSs) by fostering collaborative governance and integrating ecological and social priorities. RCs are methods that promote multi-scalar landscape design and stakeholder engagement, addressing governance gaps and aligning top-down policies with bottom-up initiatives. This study examines the implementation of RCs in Italy with particular focus on the Sangone and Stura di Lanzo cases, demonstrating their role in improving resilience and sustainability through shared visions and action plans. Despite challenges, such as conflicting views and bureaucracy, RCs emerge as a socio-ecological transformative method for NBS implementation.