Harmonizing nature-based solutions with grey infrastructure toward coastal resilience: an experience from Wonokerto, Indonesia

Nature-based solutions (NbS) and grey infrastructure have traditionally been implemented separately to address environmental and societal challenges in vulnerable regions like the northern coast of Java, Indonesia. This research examines the extent to which the integration of NbS and grey infrastructure can be sustainably operationalized to promote coastal resilience in the northern coast of Wonokerto District. It focuses on stakeholder collaboration in implementation, the influence of community engagement and local knowledge, and the governance and institutional conditions that shape their sustainability. Using a qualitative approach, the research findings highlight the need for strong cross-sectoral collaboration and multi-level coordination to operationalize these solutions sustainably.