Upcycling sawdust into sustainable binder-free nitrogen-doped carbon nanofiber electrodes for high energy density supercapacitors

, along with exceptional cycling stability, with 100% capacitance retention after 4000 cycles. This superior performance is attributed to the synergistic combination of high electrical conductivity, nanofiber architecture, and enhanced surface wettability. Our findings underscore the significant potential of this waste-derived composite as a premier electrode material for building high-capacity, sustainable electrochemical supercapacitors.