MXenes for sensing technology: from fundamental properties to diverse applications

. We elucidate how surface terminations (-O, -F, -OH) and composite engineering enhance performance through tailored structure-property relationships. The synergy of MXenes' hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, and multimodal sensing capabilities enables advanced applications. Challenges and future perspectives highlight smart systems, sustainable synthesis routes, and interdisciplinary strategies to overcome current barriers, positioning MXenes as transformative materials for next-generation sensing platforms toward diverse applications.