Hao Chang, Xuesong Liu, Ao Xia, Wenlei Zhu, Junyi Ji, Xianqing Zhu, J Q Zhang, Yun Huang, Xun Zhu, Q. Liao
catalyst evolution. This tutorial review systematically builds on this concept, starting from mechanistic fundamentals and a comparison of cascade and coupled architectures to highlight different design logics. We then present a multi-scale electrode design roadmap: from atomic-scale active sites to mesoscale transport control and intrinsically responsive materials, showcasing how these strategies can unlock energy-efficient pathways for the concurrent production of value-added chemicals and hydrogen. The review concludes by outlining critical challenges for industrial relevance, including control of fluid flow and heat/mass transfer in non-Newtonian electrolyte suspensions, the operational stability and durability of thermoelectrocatalytic reactors, and process integration and evaluation.