Green Pesticide Research and Development Integrating Molecular Targets, Mechanisms, Resistance, and Innovation in Theory and Technology

Pesticides play an irreplaceable role in increasing agricultural productivity and ensuring food security. However, their long-term excessive use has led to soil degradation, water pollution, loss of biodiversity, and potential threats to human health through the food chain. To balance agricultural production with ecological protection, the development and application of low-toxicity, high-efficiency green pesticides have become an essential direction for modern agriculture. The development of green pesticides relies on the discovery of novel targets, in-depth exploration of modes of action, systematic understanding of resistance mechanisms, and the integration of innovative theories and technologies. This review focuses on the key aspects mentioned above and summarizes representative novel pesticides developed in recent years. By integrating multidisciplinary research advances, it aims to provide theoretical support and technical guidance for the entire innovation chain, from basic research to industrialization, of green pesticides.