RSM-driven multi parametric optimization of PHNF–blood flow through stenosed arteries under coupled thermal radiation and heat generation effects for enhanced cardiovascular therapeutics

This study is motivated by the growing need for improved therapeutic strategies in cardiovascular diseases, particularly in the treatment of stenosed arteries, where efficient heat and mass transfer is critical. This study explores the heat and mass transfer in blood flow through stenosed arteries, incorporating penta hybrid nanofluids (PHNFs) to enhance heat generation and improve therapeutic outcomes. The research investigates the effects of various parameters, including thermal radiation, internal heat generation and chemical reactions, on blood flow dynamics. A novel approach is presented, utilizing the semi-analytical Akbar Ganji Method (AGM) to solve the governing equations and optimize key parameters such as the skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number and Sherwood number. Optimization techniques, including the Taguchi method and Response Surface Methodology (RSM), are applied to fine-tune these parameters, aiming to enhance flow efficiency, heat transfer and mass transfer in stenosed arteries. The results show that increasing the flow parameter (γ) and the stretching/shrinking parameter (λ) improves blood velocity, while increasing suction (S) decreases velocity, temperature and concentration profiles. Radiation (Rd), heat generation (Q) and nanoparticle shape factor significantly increase the temperature profile, while chemical reaction rate (Kc) and Schmidt number (Sc) reduce the concentration profile, enhancing mass transfer. The study identifies key parameters that affect friction, heat transfer and mass transfer in stenotic arteries, highlighting their potential for improving vascular health. These findings contribute to the development of more efficient therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular health by optimizing multi-parameter systems, thereby addressing critical biomedical challenges in arterial treatment.