Adaptive Energy Management and Control of an Autonomous PV-Wind-Diesel-BESS Hybrid Microgrid: A Case Study on Tioman Island, Malaysia

Isolated and remote islands often encounter significant power supply challenges due to limited grid access and fluctuating renewable energy availability; hence, they require reliable hybrid energy systems to meet the load demand. In this paper, an autonomous hybrid microgrid system is designed and configured for Tioman Island, integrating solar photovoltaic systems, wind turbines, battery energy storage systems, and diesel generators as a backup source. The proposed system features an advanced MPPT controller that integrates the perturb and observe algorithm with a cascaded closed-loop controller, ensuring improved maximum power point tracking and DC bus voltage regulation. Additionally, an adaptive energy management system is designed using a parrot optimization algorithm to effectively optimize power flow among sources while minimizing the probability of power supply loss and operational cost, and increasing renewable energy utilization. The proposed system successfully reduces the operating cost to $536.20, with a zero loss of power supply probability under normal operating conditions, outperforming GA ($724.40, 0.18%), DE ($750.90, 0.19%), ACO ($766.20, 0.21%), and PSO ($789.30, 0.24%). Under critical conditions, the proposed EMS maintains an operational cost of $567.22 and a loss of power supply probability of 5.76% compared to GA ($4,775.22, 6.32%), DE ($4668.90, 6.13%), ACO ($4760.50, 6.34%), and PSO ($4,783.90, 6.27%). Simulation results under real-time load and weather profiles ensure the reliability and stability of the system by regulating frequency and voltage within acceptable limits at the point of common coupling, as well as the DC bus voltage, while minimizing the use of diesel generators. The proposed framework sets a foundation for sustainable, cost-efficient, and reliable microgrid operation in isolated regions.