Integration of solar, wind, and wave energy for sustainable hotel operation in coastal regions: optimization of a building with hydrogen-supported hybrid renewable energy system

This study proposes and optimizes a novel hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) designed for achieving near-zero energy performance in coastal buildings. The selected case is a large hotel located on Kish Island, Iran, where electricity demand is supplied through a synergistic combination of photovoltaic (PV) panels, vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs), and oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy converters (WECs) integrated with a hydrogen-based energy storage system (HESS). The system is modeled using TRNSYS for dynamic simulation and coupled with a multi-objective optimization framework employing genetic algorithm. The optimization minimizes the total cost rate, loss of power supply probability (LPSP), and CO 2 emissions simultaneously. The main innovation of this study lies in the comprehensive integration of solar, wind, and wave energy with hydrogen storage within a single building-scale system, which has not been previously explored in such detail for coastal environments. The results reveal that the optimized configuration, consisting of 500 PV modules, 13 VAWTs, and 35 OWCs, achieves a CO 2 emission of 84.45 tons per year, an LPSP of 0.179, and an operational cost rate of 472 EUR/hour, representing an 81% reduction in annual carbon emissions compared to grid-dependent operation. The findings demonstrate that combining diverse renewable resources with hydrogen storage not only enhances system reliability and autonomy but also offers a scalable framework for developing cost-effective and low-carbon near-zero energy buildings in coastal and island regions. • Customized hybrid renewable system for a coastal hotel using PV, VAWT, and OWC. • TRNSYS linked with OpenStudio/EnergyPlus for real-time building energy evaluation. • H 2 storage improves autonomy and reduces grid dependency. • NSGA-III optimization integrated with TRNSYS for adaptive system optimization. • Optimal setup: 500 PVs, 13 VAWTs, 35 OWCs; LPSP 0.179, CO 2 84.45 t/yr, cost 472 €/h.