Evaluating agro-biomass feedstock for energy transition and rural sustainability

The success of agro-biomass-to-energy projects hinges on local feedstock availability, conversion efficiency, and public acceptance. This study assesses the untapped potential of agricultural residues—such as cereal straw, corn stalks, and sunflower husks—in the Central Region of Romania using a transferable, locally adaptable methodology. Biomass flows were inventoried at the administrative-unit level, distinguishing between theoretical potential (≈44,000 GWh/y) and technical potential (≈16,500 GWh/y), with only 37% of the theoretical biomass deemed technically usable due to infrastructural and ecological constraints. Conversion pathways were evaluated, yielding outputs ranging from 1.2 MWh to 3.5 MWh per ton of feedstock, depending on technology and input material. Results show that woody biomass remains dominant (≈25,100 GWh/y, 80% of total technical potential), but agro-biomass contributes substantially (≈7100 GWh/y, 11.5%), followed by manure and wastewater sludge (≈3300 GWh/y, 3.3%) and municipal waste (≈8000 GWh/y, 4.8%). Agro-biomass has a strategic role in reinforcing regional energy security, fostering rural development, and advancing circular economy integration. A forward-looking component projects residue availability and technology uptake by 2030, supporting dynamic energy planning. Findings confirm agro-biomass’s significant potential in advancing Sustainable Development Goal 7 by enabling decentralized, low-carbon energy systems and reducing fossil fuel dependence.