Mehdi Ahmadi, Fatemeh Khajeh, Ramin Shahbahrami, Zahra Hashami, Leila Mirmoghtadaie, Runak Ghobadi, Amir Mohammad Mortazavian, Seyede Marzieh Hosseini
Recent advances in functional food design emphasize the importance of synbiotic encapsulation systems that simultaneously protect probiotics and stimulate their activity via co-delivered prebiotics. This review explores innovative co-encapsulation strategies employing fermentable fibers to enhance probiotic survival, gastrointestinal stability, and controlled release in complex food matrices. Rather than relying solely on traditional carriers such as alginate, emerging systems integrate complementary polymers—such as chitosan, pectin, resistant starches, or plant-derived gums—into multilayer or composite capsules. These platforms offer superior protection during processing, storage, and digestion while also improving sensory and functional properties of the final product. Despite promising results, challenges remain in scalability, in vivo validation, and regulatory harmonization. This comprehensive review synthesizes current approaches and highlights future directions for engineering next-generation synbiotic delivery vehicles tailored for real-world food applications.