Techno-Sustainability Framework (TSF) for IoT-enabled environmental systems integrating capabilities, enabling conditions, safeguards, and net environmental outcomes

Techno-sustainability refers to the integration of technological innovation, particularly Internet of Things (IoT) systems, into environmental sustainability strategies that support resource efficiency, pollution reduction, public awareness, and long-term social well-being. IoT technologies strengthen sustainability actions through real-time sensing, data analytics, automation, and communication. However, their benefits depend on governance, finance, technical capacity, social acceptance, security, and life-cycle responsibility. Using a systematic literature review, the role of IoT applications in environmental monitoring, smart buildings, transportation, agriculture, and community-based sensing is built. The review highlighted uneven IoT adoption between developed and developing regions, and also that technology alone does not guarantee sustainability. The proposed Techno-Sustainability Framework (TSF) connects IoT capabilities with the enabling conditions and safeguards required to achieve meaningful environmental outcomes. The framework addresses this gap by linking sensing, control, and analytics with governance, skills, interoperability, privacy, security, and life-cycle responsibility. The framework also demonstrates the integration of IoT capabilities, enabling conditions, and safeguards to influence environmental sustainability outcomes.