Enhanced Biomedical and Photocatalytic Capabilities of Biosynthesized Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Pistacia Khinjuk Leaf Extract

ABSTRACT Nanotechnology has the potential to provide significant solutions to challenges across various fields, including environmental remediation, catalysis, and medicine. Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles have attracted attention due to their photocatalytic and biomedical applications. This study adopted an ultrasonic‐assisted synthesis method for TiO 2 nanoparticles using Pistacia khinjuk leaf extract. The nanoparticles were fabricated by reacting a titanium isopropoxide precursor solution with the Pistacia khinjuk leaf extract. The UV–vis spectra revealed a strong absorption peak at 380 nm. X‐ray diffraction analysis confirmed the hexagonal crystalline structure of TiO 2 (rutile) with a particle size of ∼35 nm. FTIR spectra confirmed Ti–O stretching vibrations at around 474 cm −1 . The TiO 2 nanoparticles exhibited significant cytotoxic effects on HeLa and HEK‐293 cell lines, showing selective toxicity towards cancer cells. Additionally, the TiO 2 nanoparticles demonstrated 92.33% photocatalytic activity of Congo red under UV exposure for over 150 min. The TiO 2 nanoparticles also exhibited significant antioxidant activity (56.74% DPPH scavenging at 100 µg/mL) and enhanced antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus pumilus , surpassing the extract alone. This work presents an effective, simple, and eco‐friendly method for synthesizing TiO 2 nanoparticles and assessing their potential for various medical and industrial applications.