A Review of Biogenic Synthesis of TiO₂ Nanoparticles Using a Plant-mediated Green Approach for Biomedical Applications

This paper reviews the green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (NPs) from different plant parts as sustainable and eco-friendly reducing and stabilizing agents, in comparison to conventional physical and chemical synthesis. The plant-mediated synthesis route is cost-effective and non-toxic for the development of NPs with controlled physicochemical properties. Plants can aid the synthesis of crystalline nanoparticles within an average size range of 10-40 nm more stable, possessing uniform morphology according to XRD/SEM analyses, which reported enhanced stability. Zone diameters are mostly in the range from 12-20 mm on common pathogens like E. coli and S. aureus. Green synthesized Ti NPs showed high degradation efficiencies up to 90-95% for dyes like methylene blue under UV or visible light irradiation. The results confirm that eliminating the use of hazardous chemicals and enhance the biocompatibility and environmental friendliness of nanomaterials, also plant-derived reducing agents. The review shows that various plant parts (leaves, flowers, stems, seeds, bark) and extraction conditions influence nanoparticle size, morphology, and functional performance. In conclusion, the results highlight the potential of plant-mediated synthesis to provide NPs with tunable properties appropriate for biomedical, photocatalytic, and environmental remediation applications as well as the need for future research for process optimization and scale-up.