Advances in Perovskite Quantum Dot Engineering for Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Biosensing of Cardiovascular Biomarkers

Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) have emerged as a transformative class of nanomaterials for biosensing due to their exceptional optoelectronic properties, including high photoluminescence quantum yield, tunable emission, and efficient charge transport. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the synthesis, surface engineering, and integration of PQDs for electrochemical and photoelectrochemical (PEC) detection of cardiovascular disease (CVD) biomarkers such as myoglobin, cholesterol, glutathione, and hypoxanthine. Emphasis is placed on strategies for improving aqueous stability, biocompatibility, and selectivity through encapsulation, ligand functionalization, and heterostructure formation with metal oxides and metal–organic frameworks. Comparative analyses demonstrate PQDs’ superior sensitivity and detection limits compared with traditional quantum dots, alongside discussions of challenges related to toxicity, scalability, and clinical translation. Future perspectives highlight lead‐free PQDs, microfluidic integration, and data processing for real‐time, multiplexed CVD diagnostics. This review represents an in‐depth analysis unifying perovskite quantum dot design principles with their electrochemical and PEC biosensing applications for CVD detection.