K. P. Anusree, S. Priya
Cancer is one of the major causes of death globally, and early identification is critical for increasing the success of treatment and elevated survival rates among patients. Cancer biomarkers are biological molecules that provide important information about a person's cancer, including its presence, behavior, and potential response to treatment. The analysis of these biomarkers is a cornerstone of modern oncology, driving precision medicine and improving outcomes for cancer patients. This chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of current developments in biomarker identification and their significant impact on precision oncology, particularly in diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. Here, the main focus is on classification and clinical application of various biomarkers, including genetic, epigenetic, proteomic, metabolic, and exosomal types. It also highlights their vital roles in early detection, prognostication, and personalized treatment of major cancers such as breast, lung, prostate, gastric, and colorectal cancer types. Additionally, the chapter examines how such biomarkers can be incorporated into individually tailored therapeutic approaches and their critical role to date in facilitating the advancement of cancer treatment on a personalized basis.