Cancer and Aging Biomarkers: Classification, Early Detection Technologies and Emerging Research Trends

Cancer and aging are two distinct biological processes with shared cellular pathways, such as cellular senescence, DNA damage repair, and metabolic reprogramming. However, the outcomes of these processes differ in terms of proliferation. Understanding biomarkers related to aging and cancer opens a pathway for therapeutic interventions and more effective prevention, detection, and treatment strategies. Biomarkers, ranging from molecular to phenotypic indicators, play an important role in early detection, risk assessment, and prognosis in this endeavor. This review comprehensively examines key biomarkers associated with cancer and aging, highlighting their importance in early diagnostic strategies. The review discusses recent advances in biomarker-based diagnostic technologies, such as liquid biopsy, multi-omics integration, and artificial intelligence, and emphasizes their novel potential for early detection, accurate risk assessment, and personalized therapeutic interventions in cancer and aging science. We also explore the current state of biosensor development and clinical application cases. Finally, we discuss the limitations of current early diagnostic methods and propose future research directions to enhance biomarker-based diagnostic technologies.