Massoud Amin
In February 2022, Europe faced an energy crisis that revealed the fragility of its dependence on centralized fossil fuel systems. Russia's invasion of Ukraine disrupted natural gas supplies, exposing the vulnerabilities of energy infrastructure across the continent. Prices soared, energy rationing became a reality, and governments scrambled to secure alternative power sources. Despite decades of investment in renewables, the crisis underscored the challenges of balancing energy security, sustainability, and affordability in the global energy transition. This chapter explores the global energy transition through case studies, emerging technologies, and leadership strategies for building resilient, sustainable energy systems. At the heart of the energy transition lies the “energy trilemma:” balancing three interdependent priorities: energy security, environmental sustainability, and affordability and equity. The energy transition depends on various technologies, from established renewables to emerging innovations.