Retinoblastoma Metastatic to Bone: Case Series and Literature Review.

Retinoblastoma (RB) is a treatable tumor that arises in the retina, mainly affecting children under 2 years old. It results from a mutation on the long arm of chromosome 13, specifically of the RB1 gene (13q14). Patients with the hereditary form of RB have a higher incidence of metastases and secondary cancer development. These cancers, including metastasis, secondary malignant neoplasms, and radiation-associated sarcomas, are rare and typically occur in advanced stages. Although the overall prognosis for RB is generally favorable, it declines significantly when metastases develop. While rare, the most common sites of RB metastasis are the brain, osseous structures, cervical nodes, central nervous system, lungs, and liver. Here, we present the clinical and radiologic features of three patients with osseous metastasis from RB and review current literature, including the development of secondary malignant neoplasms, radiation-associated sarcomas, prognosis, and treatment options.