Jingchao Zhang
This study examines how the chemical-reaction timescale alters hypersonic wall-model predictions of heat and momentum transfer. A one-dimensional finite-rate-chemistry wall model for high-enthalpy air is evaluated over 3 <= Ma_e <= 25, 2 <= p_e <= 100 kPa, and a broad range of edge and wall temperatures. All forward and reverse reaction rates are multiplied by a common factor Gamma, which changes the chemical timescale while preserving the equilibrium constants and thereby connects the frozen and fast-chemistry limits within the same governing equations. Taking a 1 percent difference in wall heat flux between the frozen and finite-rate solutions as the threshold for retaining finite-rate chemistry, two quantities obtained from the frozen solution provide practical selection criteria: Da_fr = t_shear / t_ch >= 1.93 x 10^3 and T_max >= 3760 K. The wall heat flux does not generally vary monotonically with reaction rate; instead, it can decrease below both the frozen and fast-chemistry predictions before recovering at higher rates. The two limiting chemistry solutions therefore do not generally bound the finite-rate heat-flux response, and interpolation between them can be misleading. At Ma_e >= 20, the median wall-heat-flux errors of the frozen and fast-chemistry limits are 7.1 percent and 27.6 percent, respectively. Chemistry also produces substantial changes in wall heat flux and shear stress, whereas the Reynolds analogy factor responds much less because the momentum- and enthalpy-side wall-law shifts nearly cancel. These results show that finite-rate wall transfer cannot in general be inferred from its frozen and fast-chemistry limits and provide frozen-state indicators for determining when finite-rate chemistry should be retained in hypersonic wall modelling.