Resolving a conjecture on quadratic APN functions and a new quadratic $(n,n)$-function associated to crooked functions

We say an $(n,n)$-function $F \colon \mathbb{F}_2^n \to \mathbb{F}_2^n$ is a crooked function if for any nonzero $a \in \mathbb{F}_2^n$, the image of $D_aF(x)=F(x)+F(x+a)$ is an affine hyperplane. The only known examples of crooked functions are all quadratic almost perfect nonlinear (APN), or equivalently, for every known crooked function, $D_aF$ is affine for all $a \in \mathbb{F}_2^n$. The ortho-derivative $π_F \colon\mathbb{F}_2^n \to \mathbb{F}_2^n$ of a crooked function $F$ is the function such that $π_F(0)=0$, and for any nonzero $a$, the set $\{0,π_F(a)\}^\perp$ is the underlying vector space of $\mathrm{Im}(D_aF)$. We prove that for $n \geq 4$ and a crooked function $F$, if $k$ is a non-negative integer such that $F$ has $2^k$ quadratic component functions, $π_F$ has at least $2^n-2^{n-k}$ nonzero components of algebraic degree $n-2$. In particular, we resolve Gorodilova's conjecture that every nonzero component of $π_F$ has algebraic degree $n-2$ when $F$ is quadratic APN. As a corollary, we prove that for any even $n \geq 4$, any crooked $(n,n)$-function with at least one quadratic component has at least $5$ semi-bent components. As a second main result, for $n \geq 4$, we associate to a crooked function $F$ a quadratic function $\varepsilon_F \colon \mathbb{F}_2^n \to \mathbb{F}_2^n$ that satisfies a strong geometric-combinatorial condition regarding the sums of $F$ over $2$-dimensional linear subspaces. Furthermore, we obtain a congruence result on a problem on $m$-sequences introduced by Johansen, Helleseth, and Kholosha, and we determine the exact algebraic degrees of some Boolean functions associated to the bent and near-bent components of particular classes of plateaued vectorial functions.