Understanding and comprehension are key concepts in the methodology of building a knowledge system

The subject of the research is the categories of understanding and comprehension that underlie the definition of a system of knowledge and the formation of a methodological toolkit for its construction. The research tasks also include identifying the connections and relationships between these two categories and correlating them with reason and intellect. To address these tasks, it is necessary to explore the genesis of the isomorphism of the universe and the structure of the mind, interpreted as a machine of thought formed from reason and the mechanism of multisystem integration of knowledge, which operates with the isomorphism of the universe. An important aspect of the research is also palliative systems of knowledge: their definition, the possibilities of their comprehension, and the prospects for their use to actualize real systems of knowledge and as a tool for cognition that allows for reducing the complexity of knowledge to a level accessible for a determined representation. The methodology of this research is based on a system of representations of the general theory of systems and the conceptual foundations of the theory of palliative systems. As a result of the research, the key role of the concepts of understanding and comprehension of knowledge has been confirmed. Using these concepts, approaches to forming the toolkit for the methodology of constructing a knowledge system have been defined, as a result of, on the one hand, establishing vertical hierarchical connections between concepts that encapsulate knowledge, and, on the other hand, establishing horizontal connections based on the similarity of forms and laws in various subject areas and at different evolutionary levels of the universe. The influence of the process of comprehending knowledge has been noted not only on enhancing the intellect as a machine of thought but also on the development of the mechanism for initiating the formation of knowledge, including the expansion of the spectrum of intellectual needs, prioritizing corrections, re-evaluating values, and creating new meanings. Palliative systems of knowledge can play an important role in this process, serving not only as a compromise between theoretical models and "imperfect" practice but also as a tool for cognition that aids in the comprehension of reality.