From nanotags to precision biomedicine: SERS-driven progress and innovation in tumor biomarker profiling, dynamic bioimaging, AI-enhanced diagnostics and therapy

diagnosis; (2) bioimaging; (3) tumor treatment; (4) Artificial intelligence-assisted tumor diagnosis and treatment. Finally, we made the forward look for SERS technology in biomedicine, such as multimodal integration, standardized detection protocols, AI-assisted spectral analysis for point-of-care diagnostics, and large-scale clinical applications.