Kulsoom X, Wajahat Ali, Yue Chong, Zhenlong Wang, Li Xue, Fu Wang
vaccination strategies. However, despite this progress, significant barriers remain, including poor standardization of dosimetry, heterogeneity in tumor hypoxia, unresolved safety concerns regarding nanocarriers, and limited clinical validation of combination regimens. This highlight review critically evaluates these advances and bottlenecks, outlining how PDT can realistically transition from a niche light-based therapy into a central component of precision oncology and next-generation immunotherapy.